Future Horizon International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Research
ISSN-(Print): 3080-3004 | ISSN-(Online): 3080-3012 | ISSN-(Optical Disc): 3080-3020. Journal Description: Future Horizon International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Research (FHIJSSER) Welcome to the Future Horizon International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Research (FHIJSSER), a scholarly platform dedicated to advancing knowledge in the fields of social sciences and education. FHIJSSER serves as a global forum for researchers, academicians, and professionals to disseminate their innovative research findings, engage in intellectual discourse, and contribute to the collective understanding of social and educational phenomena. Key Features: Interdisciplinary Focus: FHIJSSER encourages interdisciplinary research that spans various dimensions of social sciences and education. We welcome contributions that explore the intersections of these fields, fostering a holistic understanding of societal and educational dynamics. Peer-Reviewed Excellence: All submissions undergo a rigorous peer-review process to ensure the highest standards of academic quality and integrity. Our esteemed panel of reviewers, comprised of experts in the respective disciplines, evaluates manuscripts for originality, relevance, and methodological soundness. International Perspective: FHIJSSER embraces a global perspective, welcoming submissions from researchers around the world. This diversity enriches the journal's content, fostering cross-cultural insights and promoting a comprehensive understanding of social and educational issues. Open Access: FHIJSSER is committed to open access publishing, making research freely accessible to a global audience. This approach ensures the widespread dissemination of knowledge, fostering collaboration and engagement among scholars and practitioners. Publication Formats: The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, case studies, and conceptual papers. Authors are encouraged to contribute cutting-edge research that addresses contemporary challenges and advances theoretical frameworks.
The Effects of Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) on Mood Regulation, Sleep Induction and Attention: An Experimental Research
This study examines how Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) affects moods control, attention span, and sleep induction. ASMR, characterized by tingling sensations and relaxing effects, has gained popularity as a phenomenon which helps to increase attention span, enhance sleep quality, and improve mood. This article contains 1 experiment with 3 independent studies. These studies are conducted using a control and experimental group method with pre and post measures involving 90 participants, 30 participants in each study who were exposed to ASMR stimuli in a single session. Mood was assessed using PANAS scale, Sleep quality was measured using Karolinska Sleepiness scale, and attention span was evaluated through Digit span. The results indicated that exposure to ASMR significantly enhanced Mood regulation also showed significant increase in positive effects, and decrease in negative effects as participants exposed to ASMR demonstrated improved emotional stability. sleep induction, with participants reporting faster onset of sleep compared to the control group. The effects on attention span were also profound in both forward digit and backward digit, the potential of ASMR as a non-pharmacological sleep induction strategy is discussed, with a focus on its usefulness in fostering mental health. Future studies should examine the processes by which ASMR affects cognitive and psychological outcomes, taking individual differences and long-term impacts into accounts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Future Horizon International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Research
Comparison of Bullying Control Strategies in Rural and Urban High Schools of Punjab
The present paper explains the strategies implemented by the headmasters and Educators to prevent bullying amongst schoolboys in urban & rural high schools. This study was delimited to headmasters and educators for male students in urban & rural high schools in Gujrat, Punjab. In this study, 48 headmasters & 141 educators were selected by a stratified random sampling technique from urban & rural area high schools. The quantitative method was adopted in the study. Mean and standard Deviation were applied for descriptive analysis whereas the t-test was applied to examine inferential differences, for the hypothesis is selected to relate the supervision strategies adopted by the headmasters and educators in urban & rural high schools. The assessment of supervision strategies adopted by headmasters and educators to prevent bullying amongst schoolboys revealed that there is no significance difference in urban & rural area high schools. Ethical morals might be taught to schoolboys through group work, societal actions, consistent individual conversation and ethical programs conducted by different educators sideways with the headmasters address in the school assembly on a constant basis
Explaining Exploratory Sequential Designs in Mixed Methods Research: Exploring Complex Phenomena
This paper aims to explore the phases and challenges of employing the exploratory sequential design in mixed methods research (MMR) by evaluating relevant literature. An increasing number of third-type mixed-method exploratory sequential design evidence synthesis papers investigate complex phenomena through systematic reviews. Some of these syntheses utilize a comprehensive search technique to find Creswell's essays and books as well as other related literature. This study examines the challenges of applying exploratory sequential designs and the appropriate conditions for using exploratory design in educational research, such as integrating qualitative and quantitative phases, dealing with temporal limitations, and ensuring methodological rigor. A detailed framework is created to assist researchers in planning and conducting exploratory studies. The goal is to improve the practical usefulness and methodological strength of these designs in education research. This paper discusses the importance of purposeful sampling in qualitative evidence synthesis, arguing that it requires flexibility and is not directly borrowed from basic research projects. It also examines opportunities with purposeful sampling in exploratory sequential design, suggesting that this approach enhances conceptual diversity by comparing findings from purposefully sampled qualitative evidence synthesis. This study assists individuals in making decisions regarding the third mixed-method design, exploratory sequential design, and intentional sampling in a more methodical and transparent manner. Upcoming research could support or negate the hypothesis that this approach enhances conceptual diversity by comparing findings from intentionally sampled qualitative evidence synthesis to comprehensive literature sampling.
Cultural Beliefs, Poverty, and Quackery: A Qualitative Study of Patients’ Health-Seeking Behaviors
Abstract Objective: This study aims to explore the prevalence of quackery in rural healthcare systems, significantly affecting the health outcomes and decision-making of rural populations. This research examines the phenomenon of magical healing with a focus on the patients’ views and the reasons for the patients to depend on the unqualified practitioners. Methods: It employs a qualitative approach, where data were collected through in-depth interviews with twenty patients as respondents, as well as key informants. Data was collected by applying the life history method, which helped to gain profound and reliable information on patients' social sufferings. Besides this, participant observation, field notes, and a Focused Group Discussion were used for data collection. The field data was analyzed by observing trends in Patients. Results: The existing knowledge includes reporting factors such as poverty, culture, health ignorance, and public dependence on public health systems that influence a patient’s decision to turn to quacks. These quacks take advantage of faith, proximity, and cheap services, and these patients suffer more health problems, longer healing times, and later, worse complications. Also, the research brings attention to the inequities that women must bear because of discrimination in seeking medical attention. Conclusion: In conclusion the problems of quackery and the practice of magical healing in rural areas of Pakistan are longstanding, and the first step towards addressing these factors should be a focus on education, credentialing of quacks, and health system development. The potential of linking the belief and evidence-based medicine domains is to improve health outcomes and reduce dependency on harmful activities among rural populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Future Horizon International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Research
Socio Economic and Environmental Challenges Contributing to Child Malnutrition in Village Sikandarpur Hairpur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
This research is qualitative, and the research design is exploratory and aims to explore the challenges, coping mechanisms, and health-seeking behavior of parents of children under 5 years of age. The locale for this research was BHU Sikandarpur, Haripur, Hazara KPK, Pakistan. Data was collected using qualitative methods, including interviewing, participant observation, and review of documents like daily diaries and jotting. Interviews were conducted with healthcare workers and parents of malnourished children to get an in-depth understanding of their concerns, worked closely with these parents to get first-hand experience. One important finding of the research was that socioeconomic status, environmental factors, and parental care all played a significant role in children's health. There were multiple barriers that parents face in providing proper nutrition to their children including lack of finances, food insecurity, lack of health education, and cultural practices. The study found that these factors could contribute to children's malnourishment and affect their overall well-being. The study also revealed that healthcare professionals face multiple challenges in providing care to malnourished children, including difficulties with administration, mental health, and other general challenges. The lack of resources, minimal workforce, overcrowded facilities, long waiting hours, and lack of empathy among the hospital staff added in making the situation more precarious. The study highlights the importance of faith, hope, strong will, and dedication as coping mechanisms among such parents. Despite the challenges, many parents demonstrated a deep sense of responsibility to keep their children safe and secure their futures. Parents were seen as determined to keep their children's health in good condition and tried their best to feed them properly, even though they had to sacrifice their meals. Programs focusing on women like educating them on health, family planning, providing skill training, and creating job opportunities will empower the women and make them self-sufficient reduce the risk of poverty and malnutrition in children.
Transforming Head of Panel Leadership in Malaysian Primary Schools: Strategies and Implications for Educational Effectiveness
The transformation of leadership among Heads of Panels (HoPs) in Malaysian primary schools is vital for strengthening educational effectiveness. This study examines leadership succession strategies and their impact on school performance, teacher professional growth and student achievement. In an increasingly dynamic educational landscape, effective HoP leadership catalyzes fostering collaborative learning environments and sustaining academic excellence. A well-designed succession plan ensures leadership continuity, minimizes disruptions in instructional management and promotes sustained capacity building among educators. This study identifies critical factors influencing the transformation of HoP leadership, including targeted training, structured mentorship programs and active stakeholder engagement. The findings reveal that systematic leadership preparation enhances the adaptive capacity of HoPs, equipping them to navigate both pedagogical and administrative challenges more effectively. Moreover, stakeholder involvement particularly from teachers, parents and local communities, fortifies leadership implementation and ensures alignment between educational policies and school-level needs. The study highlights the pressing need for policy interventions to institutionalise leadership development and succession planning in Malaysia’s primary education system. By integrating comprehensive leadership training programmes and promoting inclusive school governance, education policymakers can build a sustainable leadership framework that enhances resilience and instructional quality at the school level. This study contributes to the scholarly discourse on educational leadership by emphasising the pivotal role of HoPs in driving school transformation. Future research is encouraged to adopt longitudinal approaches to evaluate the sustained effectiveness of leadership strategies and to promote continuous advancement in leadership practices.
Leadership transformation, head of panel, primary school, leadership succession, educational effectiveness.
Metacognitive Awareness of Pre-Service Teachers During their Teacher Education Continuum: A Comparative Study
In teacher education, one of the most important competencies involves what is known as metacognitive awareness; that is, being able to monitor, evaluate, and control what goes on in one's way of thinking. It is a comparative cross-sectional study based on the metacognitive awareness of 120 pre-service teachers studying in a variety of semesters of a teacher education course at the University of Education in Lahore. Moreover, the study examined two dimensions, the knowledge of cognition and regulation of cognition, using the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI; Schraw & Dennison, 1994). The descriptive and inferential tests identified that there is progressive development of metacognitive awareness during the teacher education continuum, where the early-semester students' level of metacognitive awareness was found to be low, the middle-semester students fell into a moderate level, and the final-semester students' level of metacognitive awareness was found to be high. The findings suggest that metacognitive awareness can be developed gradually over the semesters, perhaps because of the greater exposure to pedagogical education, reflective practice, and overall maturity in the academic program. It is recommended that during the period of teachers' pre-service education, specific training in metacognitive strategies be included to expedite the production of reflective, adaptive, and self-regulating practitioners.
Influence of Brain Based Learning on Achievement of Students at Elementary Level
This research was experimental in nature. Researcher intended to measure the nature and influence of Brain Based Learning on the achievements of students at elementary level. Researcher selected Grade 7th. Two groups were formed named as experiment and control group. For seven week intervention was given to experiment group while control group was taught by conventional methods in English subject. True experiment design (Pre-test, post-test) was used to measure the effects of Brain Based Learning on the achievements of students before and after intervention. Test was pilot tested before it was applied to the sample. Item index was drawn to check the validity of each item. Reliability was checked by Cronbach alpha that was measure as 0.821. Researcher went through relevant literature to get proper information about the concept of Brain Based Learning. Brain Based Learning (BBL) has been an emerging phenomenon throughout the world for some decades. Brain Based Learning held the view that learning should involve student’s whole physic for better learning. Several methods and techniques were used to involve learner fully into the lesson. Brain Based Learning consists of twelve principles that base the modern learning styles. Results were analyzed by applying independent samples t test, paired samples T-test and ANCOVA. Overall results showed that experiment group students achieved better after getting intervention as compared to control group
Design and Development of a Best Practices Profile for Students’ Reading Habits Based on Local Expert Consensus
This study aimed to design and develop a Best Practices Profile of Students’ Reading Habits grounded in the consensus of local literacy experts. Employing a Design and Development Research (DDR) methodology, the study was conducted in three iterative phases involving fifteen (15) literacy experts comprising teacher educators, school leaders, and ministry officers. In the first phase, semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis were used to identify nine (9) core components and 27 subcomponents that reflect effective reading habits. The second phase focused on developing 428 detailed implementation strategies aligned with those components. In the third phase, the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was applied to validate and prioritise the strategies based on expert consensus. The findings revealed that components such as "Recognition of Reading Achievement", "Reading Vision and Mission", and "Cultivating a Reading Culture" were given the highest priority. The study contributes both theoretically and practically by offering a structured, expert-validated profile that supports literacy practices in Malaysian schools. This profile is expected to serve as a strategic framework for school leaders and policymakers in fostering sustainable reading cultures through evidence-based practices
CHALLENGES IN IMPROVEMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL HEAD TEACHERS IN MIRPUR DIVISION AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The current study was conducted on challenges in improvement of performance of secondary school head teachers in Mirpur Division AJ&K. The objectives of the study were to analyze the indicators of performance of secondary school head teachers, to explore the secondary school head teacher’s performance and to find out the challenges in the improvement of performance of secondary school head teachers. The research was descriptive in nature, with data collected via a survey method. The population of the study was consisting of all head teachers and teachers of Secondary schools (Male) of Mirpur division in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Stratified Random sampling technique was used to select the sample of the study. Out of 147 head teachers and 460 SSTs 108 head teachers and 216 SSTs were selected randomly as study sample. Two questionnaires were distributed among the participants asking for their responses. One for the head teachers second for the SSTs. Each questionnaire containing 64 items was developed and finalized after the process of validation. Data were collected personally by the researcher from respondents. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data for this study. Mean score and standard deviation were applied to determine the results. The mean scores of two groups of respondents (head teachers and SSTs) were compare through independent sample T-Test. The main finding of the study was that secondary school head teacher’s performance was not satisfactory in two major components, i.e., leadership qualities and supervision. It was suggested that qualified professionals should appoint as head teachers in order to increase the quality of education.
Perceptions of Educational Managers and Subject Specialists Regarding the Impact of Mobile Phone Use on Students’ Learning
The study's goal was to investigate how subject teachers and head teachers in the district of Swabi perceived the effects of mobile phones on students' learning at the upper secondary school level. The aim of the research was to examining how instructors and school administrators perceive the effects of mobile phone use on students' learning. The study's population consists of 270 subject matter experts and the educational managers of all 55 Government Higher Secondary Schools in the Mardan Division. The study's sample comprised all 19 Government Higher Secondary Schools' educational managers, and 100 specialists teachers were chosen at random from among the 270 subject specialists in the district of Swabi's 19 Government Higher Secondary Schools. A closed-ended questionnaire with 15 likert scale items was used for the collection of the data. Several statistical methods, including mean, standard deviation, and chi square, were used to assess the gathered data. According to the study's findings, teachers and educational managers/principals were not in favor of students mobile phone use during learning in school or at home.
Factors Influencing Teaching Methods at College Level: A Case Study of Public Sector Colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Effective teaching methods play a vital role in achieving and enhancing student learning outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and understand the factors influencing teaching methods. This qualitative study aims to explore the key factors that influence teaching methods at BS level in public sector colleges. A sample of 8 respondents was selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mutual consent of the respondents. Following thematic analysis, the data was transcribed, categorized, and summarized. The findings of the study revealed teacher-related, student-related, and institutional related factors. It also highlighted technological and other potential factors that are the main challenges in implementing effective teaching methods in the public sector colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Recommendations include designing the undergraduate syllabus in alignment with the semester duration, involving all the stakeholders in curriculum development process, providing professional training to the college faculty, offering language proficiency courses to overcome language barriers, and allocating sufficient funds for implementation of various activities smoothly.
Investigating Stress Coping Strategies Used by Model College Students
Students experience stress at every level of their schooling. Normal reaction of the body to challenges is stress. Stress has evolved into a regular occurrence in daily life due to the several internal and outside expectations placed on students. Stress-ridden students may suffer significant negative effects that can be avoided and managed. Therefore, keeping in mind the stated objectives, which included identifying the stress coping strategies used by college students and was analyzed most frequently stress coping strategies being used by Model College students in Islamabad. The study's approach was descriptive. The study population included on 8056 college students from Islamabad Model College for Boys and Islamabad Model College for Girls. The sample consisted on 368(first year 187 and second-year 181) college students from Islamabad Model Colleges for Boys and Girls. Convenient sampling helped the respondents to be selected. Data came from the Brief cope inventory (Carver, 1997). Standard deviation, mean values, and percentage approaches were used in statistical analysis of the tabulated data. Convenient sampling was used to gather a sample of thirty students—other than those involved in the main study—for pilot testing of the questionnaire. There was found the coefficient alpha value of internal dependability. Alpha = 0.61. The results of the study revealed that, respectively, religion, active coping, and self-distraction were the three coping mechanisms most often used for emotional, problem-oriented, and avoidant coping. The study found that students at model colleges utilized stress management strategies more problem-oriented than emotionally or avoidance-oriented. One of the suggestions is that students should have access to some kind of support structure, such mentorship and counseling, to help in stress management and inform them about the bad consequences of stress. A counseling unit consists on lecturers and students should be interactive and strengthen their bonding among them to develop supportive abilities like chatting and sharing and make students feel more at ease expressing their emotions.
Stress Coping Strategies, internal reliability's, mentoring and counseling.
Students’ High Assertiveness Skill Level: A Key to Academic Achievement in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between assertiveness skill and students’ academic achievement at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This was a single-method research design and quantitative in nature. A 5-point Likert type scale was used as tool for data collection regarding their peer relation skill. Population was all the secondary school students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A sample of five hundred students, ten from each school was randomly selected. Data were collected through questionnaire and students’ academic achievement was assessed through self-developed academic achievement test. The validity of the instruments was checked with the help of expert committee while the reliability of instruments was checked through Cronbach alpha and was found as 0.768. Data were analyzed through SPSS using Pearson Product moment correlation. It was found that an accurate relationship existed between assertiveness skill and students’ academic achievement with r=0.590 at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It was recommended for all the stake-holders. i.e. parents, teachers, policy-makers etc. that they may motivate the students to be assertive with their peers for achieving high academic achievement.
Assistive Technology Empowering Individuals with Disabilities
TAC is an inclusive enabler technology that helps people with disabilities to function through personal assistance technology and gears. Enablement with assistive technology (AT) improves the independence, interaction and community involvement of persons with disability. This study looks at AT to determine the uses, pros, and cons to embrace the technology. Thus, the method and framework cover a survey of 100 persons with disabilities from three setting hospitals in Pakistan namely, Pakistan institute of Medical Science (Pims), Poly Clinic Hospital and Holy Family Hospital person’s disabled preferred AT device through close ended questionnaires and interviews of thirty AT users and five industry experts. The present study finds that 82% of the participants found extended degree of independence and productivity with the use of AT, while the 76% said that there was enhanced communication and mobility. The use of progressive interfaces including artificial intelligent based communication equipment and virtually connected tools were closely associated with the management of complex disabilities. Still, issues like cost, awareness, and availability remain the main inhibitors to the broad use of the systems. However, there are some problems have been observed that include high cost, low awareness, and physical access which in one way or another hinder the adoption of the framework fully. The results show that IT should extend to the design of assistive technologies, costs should be kept as low as possible, and that public health campaigns should be concentrated on the potential of AT. This research is thus ended by calling for a multisectoral effort towards hoping that, assistive technology remains a viable and accessible tool for individuals with disability.
Explore the relationship between social media use and mental health among young adults.
The rise of social networks now shapes how young adults interact and learn social information. Our study studies how social networking platforms interact with young adults' emotional health and their sense of self-validity. To collect research data this study used mental health tests alongside questionnaires to learn from social media users between 18 and 30. We measured workplace andisolated associations using SPSS's Mean, Correlation, and Regression tests. Our research shows that social media behavior types and frequency show direct links to mental wellness. Browsing feeds triggers more anxiety and depression issues than engaging with social media activities. Anxiety, r = 0.45, p < 0.01Depression: Regularly viewing and passively consuming content on social media links strongly to worse mental health outcomes, β = 0.38, p < 0.05. The analysis tracks specific social media usage types and mental health impacts to understand important findings. Research shows that social media gives people emotional support but unhealthy excessive use can create mental wellbeing problems. Our study results provide key information for mental health experts, teaching staff and public officials to use. Our team helps users maintain safe online behavior while teaching them social media dos and don'ts plus explains how social media affects mental health. Our study adds to digital behavior and mental health studies and aims to guide future research that can develop protective measures to lessen social media risks.
Grievances of Teachers Regarding District Education Offices’ Efficiency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the grievances of teachers regarding district education offices’ efficiency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This was a single-method research design and qualitative in nature. Interview guide was used as tool for data collection regarding efficiency of district education offices. Population was all the school teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A sample of fifty school teachers of different cadres were randomly selected. The validity of the instruments was checked with the help of expert committee. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis. It was found that most of teachers have grievances regarding efficiency of district education offices in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These offices were found as creating problems for teachers regarding leave, GP fund, MPhil/PhD allowance sanction etc. and were found as reluctant to do even legal works in a lenient manner. It was recommended that teaching and management cadres may be merged and only honest, efficient and problem-solving nature officers may be appointed in these district education offices.
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Students' Classroom Participation at the University Level
The emotional intelligence of students is important for all sorts of academic and social lives. This study investigated the relationship between students’ social intelligence and their classroom participation which is the cornerstone of students’ academic success. The objectives of this study were to investigate emotional intelligence and to find out the level of students’ classroom participation and the relationship between emotional intelligence and their classroom participation. For this purpose, the hypotheses were formulated, and a quantitative correlation research design was adopted to conduct the study. The research population was all the students of BS at the University of Swat from which five department students were selected and a total sample of 104 students was collected data through a questionnaire. The questionnaire for data collection was comprised of 40 items, 30 items for measuring emotional intelligence, and 10 items to measure the classroom participation of students. The collected data were analyzed following descriptive and inferential statistics. The results obtained from the study showed that students have an average level of emotional intelligence, and they have enough classroom participation at the university level. Furthermore, there was a positive and strong correlation between students’ emotional intelligence and their classroom participation. It was concluded that students’ emotional level is of average level due to multiple factors including effective student relationships and the encouragement of teachers to participate in classroom learning activities which are positively linked with their emotional intelligence. Therefore, the study recommended that teachers further work on the emotional development of students, and provide them with a conducive learning environment, proper care and training are required for students at the home level and their suggestions and opinions need to be welcome at home and in the family matter that will further enhance their emotional intelligence level and ultimately will lead towards effective classroom participation that will guarantee the success of their learning.
The Role of Interpersonal Problem-solving and Social skill in Adolescent Emotional Regulation
Abstract This study investigates the relationship between “Interpersonal Problem-Solving and Social Skills in relation to the Emotional Regulation of adolescents”. For data collection, Cross-Sectional Survey Research Design was used. Students from various institutes in Sialkot were the study's targeted population. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The results of this research demonstrated the linkage between “Interpersonal Problem-Solving and, Social Competence’s effect on Emotional Regulation”. Findings showed a significant positive correlation between the “interpersonal problem-solving and social competence” Present study revealed that emotional regulation has a positive correlation with “social competence and interpersonal problem-solving”, and outcomes also showed a positive relationship between social competency and interpersonal problem-solving.
Investigating Effective Instructional Practices for Inclusion and Diversity in Classroom
Inclusion and diversity are always an area of interest among researchers and practitioners. It ensures the learning opportunities to all learners irrespective of their background, intelligence, socio-economic status, learning disabilities, gender, and localities of the learners in one classroom. This study investigates the instructional practices which support the learning diversities of all student types of students. The researchers followed a quantitative survey research design and the population for this study covered primary school teachers at Government Primary schools of district Swat Tehsil Charbagh. Through simple sampling techniques the researchers selected 163 Primary School Teachers (PSTs). The data were collected through a likert scale questionnaires, the reliability as proved in the pilot testing and was validated through content validity method. The data collected were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, the results revealed that teachers believed culturally responsive instructional techniques, differentiated instructional methods, Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and collaborative learning techniques are the most effective instructional methods and practices that support the inclusion of diverse nature students in a class. Based on the findings, it was recommended that teachers be properly trained in these instructional practices, provide learning resources to schools to support the special needs of diverse students, and the policy makers were recommended to revise the curriculum and prospective teachers’ education in the light of sustainable developmental goals.
Scrap Waste Collection: Economic Resource and Local Recycling Practices in Rawalpindi City
Solid waste particularly consists of scrap waste and these scrap wastes are collected and then segregated for recycling and reusing from mixed waste. In Pakistan scrap waste are known as KABAD waste. Therefore the objectives of this study were to assess the economic activities associated with the collection of scrap waste as well as identify existing local recycling practices in Rawalpindi Cantonment area. Further the study under consideration was completed in one month. Moreover, the research study was qualitative in nature and used purposive sampling technique of non-probability sampling type and selected 6 scrap dealers as respondents for data collection. Hence data were collected through participant observation and conducting in-depth interviews of those, delve the dynamics of scrap waste collection. In addition Interviews were recorded with due permission of the respondents and transcribed in order to analyze the data for the generation of various themes. The finding of the study categorized into two major themes creation of job market and local re-usage and recycling practices of scrap waste. It was found that collection of scrap waste create opportunities for those who are illiterate and unemployed as many people are working in the collection, sorting, processing, transporting the scrap waste and earned livelihood from it. Further metal scraps particularly aluminum gives them more income as compared to the other scrap waste. Likewise in terms of re-usage and recycling glass, paper, plastic, metals and rubber tires are the waste that recycled at local level and effectively used for other useful purpose. Therefore, the research study highlights the importance of scrap waste and the economic activities linked with it.